![]() Using an electron microscope, the electrons can be used to form resolved images of cellular structures of about 3Ģ.1. Differential interference contrast (DIC or Nomarski) microscopy Moving electrons in an electron microscope possess wavelengths on the order ofĠ.3 nm. High resolutionĬan be obtained using electron microscopy. In addition, lenses to focus high energy photons do not exist. Is too energetic, damaging the cell upon contact. X-rays) could be used to resolve smaller cellular structures, such light In principle, light of very short wavelength (e.g. (often 50 nm in diameter), and other objects of similar or smaller scale cannot be resolved using current setups. Microscopy is useful for examining cells and cellular substructures on the order of 200–300 nm or larger. The set up of light microscopes affords a resolution that is about half the wavelength of light employed. elegans are roughly 3–30 microns in diameter, thus, light with wavelength in the visible range (~500 nm) is an ideal interactingĪgent. Organelles, must be studied with agents of similar or smaller size. However, microscopic objects, such as the cell and its Thus, an object of macroscopic size can be studied by direct contact. Generally, the technique of interaction is determined by the size of the object. To study objects we must interact with them. Not presented here or with comments on existing protocols are encouraged to submit these to cells and their components The on-line format of thisĬhapter should easily allow for revisions and additions to the protocols presented here. Protocols are based on previously published work, which is then cited after the protocol title. endocytosis, chromatin, programmed cell death).įinally, we conclude this chapter with a discussion of primary embryonic cell culture and its uses.Ĭontributors of sections or protocols are acknowledged in parentheses following the section or protocol titles. We also describe methods used to study specific cell biological problems (e.g. We then describe methods for studying protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions elegans researchers to study aspects of the cell. ![]() Of various microscopical techniques employed by C. Here we have compiled a set of protocols that broadly fit under the category of Cell Biology. However, advances in imaging techniques have allowed faint signals to be significantly amplified,Īnd small structures to be visualized, allowing examination of transport, export, and import processes, as well as examination Of the organism affords a unique opportunity to study the roles of cell biological processes in a living multicellular animal.Ī serious obstacle to studying cell biological phenomena in C. Strong genetics ( Brenner, 1974 Jorgensen and Mango, 2002), the development of fluorescent protein tags ( Chalfie et al., 1994 Yang et al., 1996 Zhang et al., 2004), the availability of RNA interference strategies to disrupt gene function ( Fire et al., 1998 Timmons and Fire, 1998), and the ability to perform studies on primary cultures of embryonic cells ( Christensen et al., 2002 Zhang et al., 2002), have all led to an increase in the number of cell biological problems addressed in the worm. elegans is primarily touted for its facile genetics, there has been a burgeoning interest in studying cell biological processes in
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